[经合组织]：经合组织经济调查：芬兰2025 -尊龙凯时人生就博

oecd economic surveys:finland 2025 may 2025volume 2025/11 oecd economic surveys:finland2025 this document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. the statistical data for israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant israeli authorities. the use ofsuch data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights, east jerusalem and israeli settlements inthe west bank under the terms of international law. note by the republic of türkiye the information in this document with reference to “cyprus” relates to the southern part of the island. there is no singleauthority representing both turkish and greek cypriot people on the island. türkiye recognises the turkish republic ofnorthern cyprus (trnc). until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the united nations, türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “cyprus issue”. note by all the european union member states of the oecd and the european unionthe republic of cyprus is recognised by all members of the united nations with the exception of türkiye. theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the government of the republic of cyprus. please cite this publication as:oecd (2025),oecd economic surveys: finland 2025, oecd publishing, paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/985d0555-en. isbn 978-92-64-70949-2 (print)isbn 978-92-64-33538-7 (pdf)isbn 978-92-64-32640-8 (html) oecd economic surveysissn 0376-6438 (print)issn 1609-7513 (online) oecd economic surveys: finlandissn 1995-3488 (print)issn 1999-0545 (online) photo credits:cover © vincent koen, oecd.chapter 1 © route66/shutterstock.com.chapter 2 © esb professional/shutterstock.com.chapter 3 © rawpixel.com/shutterstock.com.chapter 4 © irina sen/shutterstock.com. corrigenda to oecd publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© oecd 2025 attribution 4.0 international (cc by 4.0) this work is made available under the creative commons attribution 4.0 international licence. by using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).attribution– you must cite the work.translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:in the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:this is an adaptation of an original work by the oecd. the opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the oecd or of its member countries.third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. if using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.you must not use the oecd logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the oecd endorses your use of the work.any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the permanent court of arbitration (pca) arbitration rules 2012. the seat of arbitration shallbe paris (france). the number of arbitrators shall be one. this economic survey was prepared by david haugh,kyongjun kwak,axel purwin and mikhail vainchteinunder the supervision of vincent koen.editorial supportwas provided bysisse nielsenand meral gedik,andcommunication assistanceprovidedby laura fortin. this survey is published under the responsibility of the economic and development review committee of theoecd. the committee discussed the draft survey on 4march2025. the cut-off date for data used in the surveyis 12may2025. information about this and previous surveys and more information about how surveys are prepared isavailable athttps://www.oecd.org/en/topics/economic-surveys.html. table of contents 3 foreword basic statistics of finland, 20237 executive summary 8 1firming up growth and consolidating public finances17 1.1. a modest economic recovery is underway181.2. the financial sector appears to have coped well with a succession of shocks271.3. fiscal policy needs to tighten to rebuild buffers against future shocks30references40 2boosting higher education attainment rates43 2.1. finland’s higher education attainment rate has stagnated442.2. the higher education system is supply constrained452.3. a policy menu for increasing thehigher education attainment rate47references58 3enriching human capital with more foreign talent60 3.1.finland can strengthen its competitiveness by attracting more foreign talent613.2. finland has made progress in attracting foreign talent623.3.obstaclesremain to fu